Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges on 25 February 1841. In 1854, the boy's parents took him from school and found a place for him in the Lévy brothers' workshop, where he was to learn to paint porcelain. Renoir's younger brother Edmond had this to say this about the move: "From what he drew in charcoal on the walls, they concluded that he had the ability for an artist's profession. That was how our parents came to put him to learn the trade of porcelain painter." One of the Lévys' workers, Emile Laporte, painted in oils in his spare time. He suggested Renoir makes use of his canvases and paints. This offer resulted in the appearance of the first painting by the future impressionist. In 1862 Renoir passed the examinations and entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and, simultaneously, one of the independent studios, where instruction was given by Charles Gleyre, a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. The second, perhaps even the first, great event of this period in Renoir's life was his meeting, in Gleyre's studio, with those who were to become his best friends for the rest of his days and who shared his ideas about art. Much later, when he was already a mature artist, Renoir had the opportunity to see works by Rembrandt in Holland, Velázquez, Goya and El Greco in Spain, and Raphael in Italy. However, Renoir lived and breathed ideas of a new kind of art. He always found his inspirations in the Louvre. "For me, in the Gleyre era, the Louvre was Delacroix," he confessed to Jean. For Renoir, the First Impressionist Exhibition was the moment his vision of art and the artist was affirmed. This period in Renoir's life was marked by one further significant event. In 1873 he moved to Montmartre, to the house at 35 Rue Saint-Georges, where he lived until 1884. Renoir remained loyal to Montmartre for the rest of his life. Here he found his "plein-air" subjects, his models and even his family. It was in the 1870s that Renoir acquired the friends who would stay with him for the remainder of his days. One of them was the art-dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, who began to buy his paintings in 1872. In summer, Renoir continued to paint a great deal outdoors together with Monet. He would travel out to Argenteuil, where Monet rented a house for his family. Edouard Manet sometimes worked with them too. In 1877, at the Third Impressionist Exhibition, Renoir presented a panorama of over twenty paintings. They included landscapes created in Paris, on the Seine, outside the city and in Claude Monet's garden; studies of women's heads and bouquets of flowers; portraits of Sisley, the actress Jeanne Samary, the writer Alphonse Daudet and the politician Spuller; and also The Swing and The Ball at the Moulin de la Galette. Finally, in the 1880s Renoir hit a "winning streak". He was commissioned by rich financiers, the owner of the Grands Magasins du Louvre and Senator Goujon. His paintings were exhibited in London and Brussels, as well as at the Seventh International Exhibition held at Georges Petit's in Paris in 1886. In a letter to Durand-Ruel, then in New York, Renoir wrote: "The Petit exhibition has opened and is not doing badly, so they say. After all, it's so hard to judge about yourself. I think I have managed to take a step forward towards public respect. A small step, but even that is something."

Pierre-Auguste Renoir war Augenzeuge vieler bedeutender Ereignisse. Sein jüngerer Bruder Edmond erzählte: Seine Kohlezeichnungen an den Mauern brachten die Eltern auf den Gedanken, dass er ein malerisches Talent besitze, und sie schickten ihn in die Lehre zu einem Porzellanmaler. Er hat also Glück gehabt, was nicht so oft vorkommt. Bald darauf entstand das erste Bild des künftigen Impressionisten. Er bestand 1862 die Aufnahmeprüfungen an der Ecole des Beaux-Arts und nahm sein Studium in der Werkstatt von Charles Gleyre auf. Viel später, als bereits ausgereifter Künstler, erhielt Renoir die Mglichkeit, das Schaffen von Rembrandt direkt in Holland, die Werke von Velázquez, Goya und El Greco in Spanien und die Raphaels in Italien kennen zu lernen. Aber die erste Ausstellung der Impressionisten war für Renoir der erste Schritt zur Behauptung seiner eigenen künstlerischen Sicht. Ab 1873 ließ er sich auf dem Montmartre nieder, wo er bis 1884 lebte. Dort fand er auch seine Familie und lernte in den 1870er Jahren seine treuesten Freunde kennen. Auf der dritten Impressionisten-Ausstellung im Jahr 1877 zeigte Renoir ein ganzes Panorama von Bildern (über 20 Arbeiten). Darunter waren viele Landschaften, die in Paris an der Seine, in der Umgebung der Stadt und im Garten Monets gemalt worden waren, Studien von Frauenkpfen und Blumensträußen, Portraits, aber auch Die Schaukel und Ball im Moulin de la Galette. Durand-Ruel veranstaltete 1883 auf dem Boulevard de la Madeleine in Paris die erste Einzelausstellung Renoirs, auf der 70 Werke gezeigt wurden. Damit begann für Renoir eine Glückssträhne. Seine Bilder wurden in London, Brüssel und auf der Siebten Internationalen Ausstellung bei Georges Petit im Jahre 1886 ausgestellt. In einem Brief schrieb der Maler: Die Ausstellung von Petit ist erffnet und soll Erfolg haben. Es ist ja so schwer, über sich selbst zu urteilen. Ich glaube, es ist mir gelungen, einen Schritt auf dem Weg zur Achtung des Publikums zu tun, einen kleinen Schritt. Aber immerhin.

Az e-knyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? ktetének szveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. Claude Monet a francia impresszionista festészet szül?atyja volt, de kései m?vészetének tendenciája, mely a tárgy nélkülivé váló kép megteremtésére irányult, tbb vonatkozásban az absztrakt m?vészet felé mutat. Számos modern absztrakt fest? Monet m?vészetét el?futárának vallja. Életrajzi sszefoglalónkban ennek a páratlan alkotói életnek és m?vészi pályának a legfontosabb momentumait ismerhetjük meg.

Az e-knyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? ktetének szveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. A fld az istenek paradicsoma: ezt akarom megfesteni. Pierre Auguste Renoir a francia impresszionista fest? ars poeticája sokmindent elárul err?l a fantasztikus tehetség? m?vészr?l, aki soha nem lett h?tlen nmagához, veleszületett életrme, der?je, kiegyensúlyozottsága sohasem hagyta el. Talán ezért kedvelik m?veit a világ minden táján. Renoir festészete szüntelen ünnep, elébünk varázsolja korának kis paradicsomait, amelyekben ma is rmünket leljük. Életrajzi knyvünk a teljes alkotói életm? legfontosabb eseményeit villantja fel.

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him. Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form. Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort. The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix. At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Als Impressionist zu gelten war für Monet eine Auszeichnung. Er war es aus tiefer Überzeugung und blieb es bis an das Ende seines langen Lebens. Er begnügte sich mit einem einzigen Genre, dem der Landschaftsmalerei. Hier aber brachte er es zu einer Vollkommenheit, an die keiner seiner Zeitgenossen heranreichte. Im Sommer jenes Jahres kam es zu gemeinsamen Malübungen mit Boudin (1824 bis 1898) am Meeresstrand. Mit der Zeit gingen mir die Augen auf und ich begann, die Natur zu verstehen; zugleich lernte ich, sie zu lieben so erinnert sich Monet später an diese gemeinsamen Exerzitien. Er besucht nicht die Ecole des Beaux-Arts, sondern zieht die von Monsieur Suisse, einem ehemaligen Modell Davids, gegründete freie Académie Suisse vor. Hier war es mglich, für einen geringen Beitrag lebende Modelle zu malen und zu zeichnen. Die Farbskala der Bilder, die Monet 1871 und 1872 malte, ist nicht sehr breit; sie erinnert an die der Barbizon-Schule und an die Seestücke Boudins. Die Grundtne sind braungelb und blaugrau. Im Jahr 1877 wurde die dritte Ausstellung der Impressionisten erffnet, bei der Monet zum ersten Mal eine Bilderserie zeigte. Mit seinem Motiv, dem Bahnhof Saint-Lazare, setzte Monet nicht nur Manets Die Eisenbahn und seine eigenen Landschaftsbilder aus Argenteuil fort, er schloss sich darüber hinaus der bei den Künstlern wachsenden Tendenz an, sich von diesem Transportmittel faszinieren zu lassen. In seinem Wohnort Giverny wurden die Bilderserien Monets wichtigste Arbeitsmethode. In den 1890er Jahren entdeckte Monet London. Zwar begann er die Bilder allesamt in London, beendete viele von ihnen aber in Giverny. Für den Schriftsteller Octave Mirbeau (1848 bis 1917) war Monet ein Mensch, der Wunder vollbrachte: Mit Hilfe der Farben habe er auf der Leinwand das Sonnenlicht, etwas nahezu Unfassbares, nachgebildet und es um eine Unzahl prismatischer Facetten bereichert. Tatsächlich hat Monet das Potenzial der Farbe mit nahezu wissenschaftlicher Strenge bis zu seinen äußersten Konsequenzen getrieben; kein anderer Impressionist ist darin so weit gegangen wie er, und es ist wenig wahrscheinlich, dass man in dieser Richtung hätte noch weitergehen knnen.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir werd geboren in Limoges op 25 februari 1841 en stierf in Cagnes-sur-Mer op 3 december 1919. Hij was een Frans impressionistisch kunstschilder. Al op zijn dertiende werkte Renoir als leerling-schilder. Hij schilderde bloemen op keramiek. Toen dit proces werd geautomatiseerd moest hij overstappen op andere objecten. In 1862 sloot hij zich aan bij de Atelier Gleyre van Charles Gleyre en maakte kennis met Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley en Frederic Bazille, later ontmoette hij ook Camille Pissarro en Paul Cézanne. Hij heeft samen met Monet de principes van het impressionisme uitgewerkt. In de jaren '80 liet hij de impressionistische stijl achter zich en begon hij een zoektocht naar een vastere vorm en compositie. Hij werkte heel precies en nauwgezet, met een koeler en gladder kleurgebruik. Later keerde hij terug naar de warme kleuren en de vrijere penseelvoering. Hij maakte veel naakten in warm zonlicht (Les Baigneuses). In 1888 kreeg Pierre-Auguste Renoir een eerste aanval van reumatoide artritis, een vorm van reuma. Een jaar daarna raakte zijn rechterarm verlamd. Ondanks de pijn werkte hij door, met een penseel aan zijn pols gebonden.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir war Augenzeuge vieler bedeutender Ereignisse. Sein jüngerer Bruder Edmond erzählte: Seine Kohlezeichnungen an den Mauern brachten die Eltern auf den Gedanken, dass er ein malerisches Talent besitze, und sie schickten ihn in die Lehre zu einem Porzellanmaler. Er hat also Glück gehabt, was nicht so oft vorkommt. Bald darauf entstand das erste Bild des künftigen Impressionisten. Er bestand 1862 die Aufnahmeprüfungen an der Ecole des Beaux-Arts und nahm sein Studium in der Werkstatt von Charles Gleyre auf. Viel später, als bereits ausgereifter Künstler, erhielt Renoir die Mglichkeit, das Schaffen von Rembrandt direkt in Holland, die Werke von Velázquez, Goya und El Greco in Spanien und die Raphaels in Italien kennen zu lernen. Aber die erste Ausstellung der Impressionisten war für Renoir der erste Schritt zur Behauptung seiner eigenen künstlerischen Sicht. Ab 1873 ließ er sich auf dem Montmartre nieder, wo er bis 1884 lebte. Dort fand er auch seine Familie und lernte in den 1870er Jahren seine treuesten Freunde kennen. Auf der dritten Impressionisten-Ausstellung im Jahr 1877 zeigte Renoir ein ganzes Panorama von Bildern (über 20 Arbeiten). Darunter waren viele Landschaften, die in Paris an der Seine, in der Umgebung der Stadt und im Garten Monets gemalt worden waren, Studien von Frauenkpfen und Blumensträußen, Portraits, aber auch Die Schaukel und Ball im Moulin de la Galette. Durand-Ruel veranstaltete 1883 auf dem Boulevard de la Madeleine in Paris die erste Einzelausstellung Renoirs, auf der 70 Werke gezeigt wurden. Damit begann für Renoir eine Glückssträhne. Seine Bilder wurden in London, Brüssel und auf der Siebten Internationalen Ausstellung bei Georges Petit im Jahre 1886 ausgestellt. In einem Brief schrieb der Maler: Die Ausstellung von Petit ist erffnet und soll Erfolg haben. Es ist ja so schwer, über sich selbst zu urteilen. Ich glaube, es ist mir gelungen, einen Schritt auf dem Weg zur Achtung des Publikums zu tun, einen kleinen Schritt. Aber immerhin.

Edouard Manet (Paris, 1832 - 1883) Manet est l'un des plus célèbres artistes de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, lié aux impressionnistes sans faire vraiment partie de leur groupe. Chérissant son indépendance, il eut une grande influence sur la peinture française, en partie due au choix de ses sujets tirés de la vie quotidienne, de son usage de couleurs pures et de sa technique rapide et libre. C'est son oeuvre qui assura la transition entre le réalisme de Courbet et la vision novatrice des impressionnistes. Issu de la grande bourgeoisie, il choisit de devenir peintre après avoir raté son entrée à l'Ecole navale. Il se forma auprès de Thomas Couture, un peintre académique, mais c'est grâce à ses nombreux voyages à travers l'Europe qu'il entreprit dès 1852, qu'il commença à se faire une idée de ce qu'allait être son style propre. Ses premières peintures étaient essentiellement des scènes de genre, inspirées par son amour pour les maîtres espagnols comme Velazquez et Goya, et le portrait. C'est en 1863 qu'il présenta son chef-d'oeuvre Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe au Salon des refusés. Son oeuvre déclenchant une polémique entre les défenseurs de l'art académique et les jeunes artistes «refusés », il devint le chef de file de cette nouvelle génération d'artistes. A partir de 1864, le salon officiel accepta ses travaux, provoquant toujours de véhémentes protestations comme ce fut le cas avec Olympia en 1865. En 1866, l'écrivain Zola écrivit un article en faveur du travail de Manet. A cette époque, le peintre était ami avec tous les futurs grands maîtres impressionnistes : Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro et Paul Cézanne, qui s'influençaient les uns les autres ; pourtant il restait délibérément à l'extérieur du groupe. En effet, en 1874 il refusa de présenter ses peintures lors de leur première exposition. Sa dernière apparition dans un salon officiel fut en 1882 avec Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère, l'une de ses oeuvres les plus connues. Atteint par la gangrène au cours de l'année 1883, il peignit des natures mortes de fleurs jusqu'au moment où il ne s'en sentit plus capable, et il mourut en laissant derrière lui un grand nombre de dessins et de peintures.

Pierre Bonnard était le chef d'un groupe de peintres post-impressionnistes. Ils se nommèrent eux-mêmes les Nabis, du mot hébreux signifiant `prophète'. Bonnard, Vuillard, Roussel, Denis, les plus illustres des Nabis, ont révolutionné l'esprit des techniques décoratives durant l'une des époques les plus riches de la peinture française. Influencés par Odilon Redon, Puvis de Chavannes, l'imagerie populaire ou les estampes japonaises, ces post-impressionnistes furent avant tout un groupe d'amis fréquentat les mêmes milieux culturels. L'individualisme croissant de leurs créations ébranla souvent l'unité du groupe. Bien que liés par une même philosophie, leurs oeuvres divergeaient nettement. Cet ouvrage permet de les comparer et de les mettre en perspective les unes avec les autres. Les oeuvres présentées dans cet ouvrage offrent une palette d'expressions merveilleusement poétiques : candide chez Bonnard, ornementale et mystérieuse chez Vuillard, doucement rêveuse chez Denis, âpre jusqu'à l'amertume chez Valloton, l'auteur nous fait partager la vie intime des artistes jusqu'à la source profonde de leurs dons créatifs. Bonnard et de nabis do

Mary Cassatt (Pittsburg, 1844, - Château de Beaufresne, 1926) Mary est née à Pittsburgh. Son père était un banquier très libéral en matière d'éducation, et toute la famille semblait manifester une certaine sympathie pour la culture française. Mary n'avait pas plus de cinq ou six ans lorsqu'elle vit Paris pour la première fois, et elle était encore adolescente quand elle décida de devenir peintre. Elle se rendit en Italie, puis tourna ses pas vers Anvers, pour retourner à Rome et finalement, revenir à Paris, où, en 1874, elle s'installa définitivement. En 1872, elle envoya ses premières oeuvres au Salon ; d'autres suivirent jusqu'en 1875, année où elle envoya un portrait de sa soeur, qui fut refusé. Elle devina que le jury n'avait pas aimé l'arrière-plan, c'est pourquoi elle le retravailla à maintes reprises pour le renvoyer au Salon de l'année suivante, où il fut finalement accepté. A ce moment-là, Degas lui demanda d'exposer avec lui et ses amis du groupe des impressionnistes, dont la popularité allait croissant, et elle accepta avec joie. Elle admirait Manet, Courbet, et Degas, et détestait l'art conventionnel. Son biographe insiste sur son intellectualité et ses sentiments, sur les émotions et les nuances avec lesquelles elle peignait ses modèle préférés : les bébés et leurs mères. Il parle aussi de son intérêt particulier pour le dessin et sa maîtrise du trait, un don renforcé par son étude approfondie de l'art japonais, imitant son style dans des gravures en couleur. Si son style puise à diverses sources, en revanche son dessin, ses compositions, sa lumière et ses couleurs, sont les siennes. Ses toiles possèdent une certaine délicatesse dont peut-être seule une femme est capable, mais les qualités qui ont inscrit son oeuvre dans la postérité, sont, elles, d'une nature que seul un peintre extraordinaire peut produire.

Manet is one of the most famous artists from the second half of the nineteenth century linked to the impressionists, although he was not really one of them. He had great influence on French painting partly because of the choice he made for his subjects from everyday life, the use of pure colours, and his fast and free technique. He made, in his own work, the transition between Courbet's Realism and the work of the impressionists. Born a high bourgeois, he chose to become a painter after failing the entry to the Marine School. He studied with Thomas Couture, an Academic painter, but it was thanks to the numerous travels he made around Europe from 1852 that he started to find out what would become his own style. His first paintings were mostly portraits and genre scenes, inspired by his love for Spanish masters like Velázquez and Goya. In 1863 he presented his masterpiece Luncheon on the Grass at the Salon des Refusés. His work started a fight between the defenders of Academic art and the young "refusés" artists. Manet became the leader of this new generation of artists. From 1864, the official Salon accepted his paintings, still provoking loud protests over works such as Olympia in 1865. In 1866, the writer Zolá wrote an article defending Manet's work. At that time, Manet was friends with all the future great impressionist masters: Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro and Paul Cézanne, and he influenced their work, even though he cannot strictly be counted as one of them. In 1874 indeed, he refused to present his paintings in the First Impressionist Exhibition. His last appearance in the official Salon was in 1882 with A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, one of his most famous works. Suffering from gangrene during the year 1883, he painted flower still-lifes until he became too weak to work. He died leaving behind a great number of drawings and paintings.

For Claude Monet the designation `impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Until the end of the 19th century Naïve Art, created by untrained artists and characterised by spontaneity and simplicity, enjoyed little recognition from professional artists and art critics. Naïve painting is often distinguished by its clarity of line, vivacity and joyful colours, as well as by its rather clean-cut, simple shapes, as represented by French artists such as Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant and Camille Bombois. However, this movement has also found adherents elsewhere, including Joan Miró (who was influenced by some of its qualities), Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani, and Ivan Generalic.

Pierre Bonnard was the leader of a group of Post-Impressionist painters who called themselves the Nabis, from the Hebrew word meaning "prophet". Bonnard, Vuillard, Roussel and Denis, the most distinguished of the Nabis, revolutionised decorative painting during one of the richest periods in the history of French painting. Bonnard's works are striking for their strong colours and candidness.

Mary was born in Pittsburgh. Her father was a banker of liberal educational ideas and the entire family appears to have been sympathetic to French culture. Mary was no more than five or six years old when she first saw Paris, and she was still in her teens when she decided to become a painter. She went to Italy, on to Antwerp, then to Rome, andfinally returned to Paris where in 1874, she permanently settled. In 1872, Cassatt sent her first work to the Salon, others followed in the succeeding years until 1875, when a portrait of her sister was rejected. She divined that the jury had not been satisfied with the background, so she re-painted it several times until, in the next Salon, the same portrait was accepted. At this moment Degas asked her to exhibit with him and his friends, the Impressionist Group, then rising into view, and she accepted with joy. She admired Manet, Courbet and Degas, and hated conventional art. Cassatt's biographer stressed the intellectuality and sentiment apparent in her work, as well as the emotion and distinction with which she has painted her favourite models: babies and their mothers. He then speaks of her predominant interest in draughtsmanship and her gift for linear pattern, a gift greatly strengthened by her study of Japanese art and her emulation of its style in the colour prints she made. While her style may partake of the style of others, her draughtsmanship, her composition, her light, and her colour are, indeed, her own. There are qualities of tenderness in her work which could have been put there, perhaps, only by a woman. The qualities which make her work of lasting value are those put there by an outstanding painter.

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him. Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form. Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort. The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix. At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Impressionism has always been one of the public's favourite styles of art and Impressionist works continue to enchant beholders with their amazing play of colours and forms. This book offers a well-chosen selection of the most impressive works of artists such as Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir and Sisley. Mega Square Impressionism pays tribute to the subject's popularity.

Just before his death, Claude Monet wrote: "I'm still sorry to have been the cause of the name given to this group, most of whom were not in the least bit impressionistic". Starting with this paradox - an ensemble that saw itself as a coherent group, while affirming artistic individuality as the ultimate goal - the author, Nathalia Brodskaïa, explores the contradictions of late nineteenth-century art. Was it not Manet who evoked the definitive formula: "I paint what I see and not what others want to see" ? There would be a long way to go before the world recognised the difference between traditional, academic art and the birth of modern, non-figurative painting. After analysing the essential elements of the Impressionist movement, Nathalia Brodskaïa pursues, across the oeuvre of each of the main players, the search for "that conviction they had, of justice in their principles and value in their art". From this assertion of difference, modern painting was born.

The Dada movement and then the Surrealists appeared in the First World War aftermath with a bang: revolution of thought, creativity, and the wish to break away from the past and all that was left in ruins. This refusal to integrate into the Bourgeois society lead Georg Grosz to remark of Dada, "it's the end of-isms." Breton asserted that Dada does not produce perspective, "a machine which functions full steam, but where it remains to be seen how it can feed itself." Surrealism emerged amidst such feeling. These artists often changed from one movement to another. They were united by their superior intellectualism and the common goal to break from the norm. Describing Dada with its dynamic free-thinkers, and the Surrealists with their aversive resistance to the system, the author brings a new approach which strives to be relative and truthful. Provocation and cultural revolution: Dada and the Surrealists, aren't they above all just a direct product of creative individualism in this unsettled period?

"I paint what I see and not what it pleases others to see." What other words than these of Édouard Manet, seemingly so different from the sentiments of Monet or Renoir, could best define the Impressionist movement? Without a doubt, this singularity was explained when, shortly before his death, Claude Monet wrote: "I remain sorry to have been the cause of the name given to a group the majority of which did not have anything Impressionist." In this work, Nathalia Brodskaïa examines the contradictions of this late 19th-century movement through the paradox of a group who, while forming a coherent ensemble, favoured the affirmation of artistic individuals. Between academic art and the birth of modern, non-figurative painting, the road to recognition was long. Analysing the founding elements of the movement, the author follows, through the works of each of the artists, how the demand for individuality gave rise to modern painting.