El abrigo de Telarmachay está ubicado en los Andes centrales del Perú (departamento de Junín) a una altura de 4420 m s.n.m., en la puna. Los trabajos de excavación, de 1975 a 1980, estuvieron a cargo de un grupo de prehistoriadores franceses y estudiantes peruanos, bajo la dirección de Danièle Lavallée. Las excavaciones, realizadas con el método del decapado por niveles naturales (19 pasadas en total), sobre una superficie de 35 m2, evidenciaron 7 niveles de ocupación sucesivas, cada una de ellas caracterizada por un modo específico de acondicionamiento y utilización del abrigo. La ocupación empieza alrededor de 9000 BP y prosigue casi sin interrupción hasta 2000 BP aproximadamente. A partir de 34 fechados 14C se estableció la cronología siguiente: Fase VII, ca. 9000-7200 BP; Fase VI, ca. 7200-6800 BP; Fase V inf., 6800-5700 BP; Fase V sup., ca. 5700-5000 BP; Fase IV, ca. 5000/4500-3800 BP; Fase III, ca. 3800-2800 BP; Fase II, ca. 2800-2000 BP; (Fase 1, nivel superficial). Una excepcional riqueza en vestigios faunísticos permitió demostrar, por primera vez en los Andes, la existencia de un proceso de domesticación in situ de los camélidos andinos desde 6000-5500 BP aproximadamente: entre 9000 y 7200 BP se practica una caza generalizada de los ongulados (camélidos y cérvidos) que evoluciona , entre 7200 y 6000 BP, hacia una caza especializada de las vicuñas y de los guanacos; entre 6000 y 5500 BP aparecen los primeros animales domesticados, de tipo alpaca y, por fin, después de 5500 BP, el pastoreo de animales completamente domesticados (alpacas y, en proporción menor, llamas). Los análisis arqueozoológicos permitieron también determinar que la ocupación del abrigo fue estacional y tenía lugar entre diciembre y abril. Las otras categorías de vestigios (herramientas y desechos líticos, instrumentos de huesos) fueron analizados morfológica y morfométricamente, lo que permitió percibir su evolución cronológica. Por otra parte, se realizaron varios estudios funcionales (análisis de las microhuellas de uso, experimentaciones, analogías etnográficas). El cotejo de todas las informaciones obtenidas llevó a una percepción etnológica de la historia de la ocupación humana en Telarmachay. Las técnicas empleadas y las diversas tareas efectuadas (caza, recolección, pastoreo; trabajo de la piedra y del hueso; tratamiento de las pieles; usos domésticos y técnicas del fuego) fueron reconstituidas. Finalmente, el análisis espacial llevó a una reconstrucción del espacio habitado y a la definición de áreas de actividades especializadas, para cada fase de ocupación. Al mismo tiempo, se reveló una permanencia relativa de las modalidades generales de acondicionamiento del abrigo a lo largo del periodo precerámico.

The aim of the A.C.L. Project was to study, through a multidisciplinary approach, the social organization and evolution up to now of three pre-Inca chiefdoms of the Central An-des cf Peru: the chiefdom of the Asto, and the adjacent Chunku and Laraw chiefdoms. A team of archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists and geneticians belonging to the French National Center of Scientific Research realized the fieldwork from 1970 to 1972 according to a collectively built planning.In this project, the archaeologists' work was 1) to locate the immediately pre-Spanish settlements and study their spatial distribution, their insertion in the physical milieu and their internal disposition; 2) to reconstitute the social and economic structures by analysing the construction and the technical equipment; and 3) to situate chronologically and culturally the Asto and their neighbours among the pre-Spanish tribes of the Central Andes, and estimate the impact of the Inca presence within each of the three groups.The present publication deals with the Asto whose twenty-seven villages were located along the Vilca and Mantaro valleys. The collected ceramics prove that all of them belong to the Late Intermediate Period. C14 dating indicates that some were occupied from the be-ginning of the XIth century AD. Therefore, the duration of the Asto occupancy would be of five hundred years. During the XVth century the Asto were conquered by the Inca and incorporated to their empire. The Asto villages were still in activity when the Spaniards arrived.The altitude of the villages ranges from 3 100 to 4 500 m above sea level (52% from 3 500 to 3 900 m). In all cases the settlement pattern is the same: it is based on aggregattes of circular edifices built on top of naturally well-protected mountains. The choice of such fortified sites obliged the Asto to concentrate the buildings within limited areas according to two types adapted to the declivity of the land: 1) the "joined alveolar" type (soft slope), and 2) the "terrace alveolar" type (ground steeper slope). In both cases, the basic element is the "alveolar unit", an aggregate of circular buildings of variable importance (from two to twelve buildings), clustered around a central yard, that probably constituted a family residence. To verify this hypothesis and determine the function of each building of the alveolar unit, we have analysed in detail the archaeological content of the floors and studied the numerous kinds of remains found on the ground. Their differential repartition reflects at the same time the organization of the areas of activity, the technical equipment, and the products of general use and consume.The analysis of organic remains reveals the presence of maize and quinoa as for cultivated species, and of lamas or alpacas (domesticated), vicuñas, tarucas, fowls and dogs as for edible animals. One of the most important results of the pollen analysis is to established that, at the same altitude, the agricultural potential of the soil is more reduced today than during the pre-Spanish period. The floor of all excavated buildings contains an important quantity of fragments (1 000 or more) of vessels (40 or 50) of different types such as jars, cooking pots, dishes, spoons. Lithic tools have been found in all the buildings: cultivating, harvesting and grinding implements, hammers, knives and scrapers, etc.Finally, it seems that each building fulfilled in turn the functions corresponding to the various sectors of everyday activity (kitchen, dwelling, grancry). The complexity of the levels found, can be explained by the "long life" of the buildings. They were successively abandoned and re-occupied for different uses, due to the exiguity of the available land which impeded the village's territorial extension and obliged to re-utilize permanently the same spaces.Keeping these data in mind, it is possible to evaluate in a few cases the population of the villages. Considering there were 5/6 persons...